自愿碳市場的餡餅與陷阱：知名企業花錢忙漂綠，“碳倒爺”如何鉆空子？

 

挪威咨詢公司DNV碳管理方案經理栗廣宇告訴《知識分子》，中國企業除了國家的碳中和目標，也面臨諸多外部挑戰，比如歐盟碳邊境調節機制，所以CCER的存在與未來發展非常有意義，尤其它在何種程度上可以與國際標準互認。

 

陳美安提到，CCER與前文提及的VCS、Gold Standard和American Carbon Registry等都是被國際航空組織碳抵消與減排機制認可的減排項目體系。這代表在民航組織的語境下，CCER可以得到一定的國際認可。

 

當前，雀巢、開云、古奇等跨國企業正在引領氣候變化議題下最新一輪運動，公開抵制用來漂綠的碳抵消[35]。栗廣宇表示，雖然目前碳信用在國際語境下飽受爭議，但我們還是應該從發展的角度看問題，畢竟多數企業甚至對碳中和還沒有觀念和行動。

 

自愿碳市場和碳信用項目都仍有存在的意義，它們不僅曾為自然系統保護和低碳技術發展提供了一部分亟需的資金，也仍有潛力在爭議和大眾的監管中進一步完善其方法論，并涵蓋更多創新項目，比如多位受訪者提到的海藻養殖、再生農業等，都值得更多的研究探索和資金投入。

 

參考資料：

[1] CAT net zero target evaluations. (n.d.). CAT Net Zero Target Evaluations | Climate Action Tracker. https://climateactiontracker.org/global/cat-net-zero-target-evaluations/

 

Visual Capitalist. https://www.visualcapitalist.com/sp/race-to-net-zero-carbon-neutral-goals-by-country/

 

[2]靠買碳匯實現碳中和？企業疑似“漂綠”引爭議https://www.yicai.com/news/101763481.html

 

[3] Hannah Ritchie, Max Roser and Pablo Rosado (2022) - "Energy". Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved from: 'https://ourworldindata.org/energy'

 

[4]企業如何進行綠電消費？ChatGPT也來支招. (2023, February 23). 企業如何進行綠電消費？ChatGPT也來支招. https://www.carbonstop.net/oridetail8882/

 

[5]Our climate target | Shell Global. “Our Climate Target | Shell Global,” n.d. https://www.shell.com/energy-and-innovation/the-energy-future/our-climate-target.html.

 

[6]可持續航空燃料SAF是概念還是產業？| 界面 · 財經號. “可持續航空燃料SAF是概念還是產業？| 界面 · 財經號,” n.d. https://m.jiemian.com/article/6360641.html.

 

[7]Greenfield, Patrick. “Delta Air Lines Faces Lawsuit over $1bn Carbon Neutrality Claim.” the Guardian, May 30, 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/may/30/delta-air-lines-lawsuit-carbon-neutrality-aoe.

 

[8]Greenfield, Patrick, and Jillian Ambrose. “Adverts Claiming Products Are Carbon Neutral by Using Offsetting Face UK Ban.” the Guardian, May 15, 2023.https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/may/15/uk-advertising-watchdog-to-crack-down-on-carbon-offsetting-claims-aoe.

 

[9]中國自愿碳市場發展現狀，https://carbonstop.net/domedetail8871/

 

[10] Voluntary carbon markets: how they work, how they’re priced and who’s involved, https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/blogs/energy-transition/061021-voluntary-carbon-markets-pricing-participants-trading-corsia-credits

 

[11]用來說明一家公司、政府或是組織以某些行為或行動宣示自身對環境保護的付出但實際上卻是反其道而行。

 

[12] Showcase project by the world’s biggest carbon trader actually resulted in more carbon emissions, https://www.ftm.eu/articles/south-pole-kariba-carbon-emission

 

[13] Lexology. “從‘額外性’角度考量碳信用項目,” n.d. https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=19179e1a-59a8-4078-86f6-1db62e3fd0c9

 

[14] These Trees Are Not What They Seem, https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2020-nature-conservancy-carbon-offsets-trees/

 

[15] Morton, Adam. “Forest Regeneration That Earned Multimillion-Dollar Carbon Credits Resulted in Fewer Trees, Analysis Finds.” the Guardian, November 6, 2022. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/nov/07/forest-regeneration-that-earned-multimillion-dollar-carbon-credits-resulted-in-fewer-trees-analysis-finds .

 

[16] The Real Trees Delivering Fake Corporate Climate Progress, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2020-12-17/the-real-trees-delivering-fake-climate-progress-for-corporate-america

 

[17]生態變「錢」：當碳匯仲介來敲門，你會賣空氣嗎？https://theinitium.com/article/20230621-anthropocene-when-air-can-be-sold-as-carbon-credit/

 

[18] It’s Still Hard to Spot ‘Pink Sheets’ Carbon Offsets: Sparklines, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-02-13/it-s-still-hard-to-spot-pink-sheets-carbon-offsets-sparklines

 

[19] Junk Carbon Offsets Are What Make

 

These Big Companies ‘Carbon Neutral’, https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2022-carbon-offsets-renewable-energy/

 

[20]Greenfield, Patrick. “Revealed: More than 90% of Rainforest Carbon Offsets by Biggest Certifier Are Worthless, Analysis Shows.” the Guardian, January 18, 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/jan/18/revealed-forest-carbon-offsets-biggest-provider-worthless-verra-aoe.

 

[21]碳中和與采購：企業領航，勢在必行 – McKinsey Greater China. “碳中和與采購：企業領航，勢在必行– McKinsey Greater China,” July 22, 2023. https://www.mckinsey.com.cn/%E7%A2%B3%E4%B8%AD%E5%92%8C%E4%B8%8E%E9%87%87%E8%B4%AD%EF%BC%9A%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E9%A2%86%E8%88%AA%EF%BC%8C%E5%8A%BF%E5%9C%A8%E5%BF%85%E8%A1%8C/ 

 

[22]Environmental, Social, And Governance: Too Late For Net-Zero Emissions By 2050? The Potential Of Forests And Soils | S&P Global Ratings. https://www.spglobal.com/ratings/en/research/articles/200604-environmental-social-and-governance-too-late-for-net-zero-emissions-by-2050-the-potential-of-forests-and-s-11500248.

 

[23] SBTi CRITERIA AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NEAR-TERM TARGETS (Version 5.1)  https://sciencebasedtargets.org/resources/files/SBTi-criteria.pdf

 

[24]“什么是碳排放配額、自愿減排量（CCER）？_CCER【碳交易網——全球領先的碳市場中文門戶網站】,” n.d. http://www.tanjiaoyi.com/article-50442-1.html.

 

[25] 新經濟學家智庫研究員樊博：企業應避免大量依賴碳抵消而陷入“漂綠”爭議_運營_中國_節能. (2023, May 23). https://www.sohu.com/a/678150101_120913760

 

[26]新經濟學家智庫研究員樊博：企業應避免大量依賴碳抵消而陷入“漂綠”爭議_運營_中國_節能. (2023, May 23). https://www.sohu.com/a/678150101_120913760

 

[27]中國企業脫碳準備度-調研報告。德勤中國（2021，五月)

 

https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/cn/Documents/risk/deloitte-cn-risk-china-decarbonization-report-zh-210507.pdf

 

[28]Initium Media. “Initium Media,” n.d. https://theinitium.com/article/20230621-anthropocene-when-air-can-be-sold-as-carbon-credit/.

 

[29]呂雅寧蘇建勛. “雀巢和Gucci，要放棄碳中和承諾？ | 36碳焦點"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/GCDiRqffQnP9VWnDZ9Jm9w

 

[30]王方玉蘇建勛. “CCER碳市場將開，你，準備好了嗎？｜36碳焦點.” https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/v5jnqON8LGaYpqUrpW9nhA

 

[31]我國重啟CCER市場還需打通哪些“堵點”？_碳排放交易網——全球領先的碳市場門戶中文網站. http://www.caizhixing.cn/CCER/202212/0592818.html

 

[32]  生態環境部就《溫室氣體自愿減排交易管理辦法（試行）》公開征求社會意見_中華人民共和國生態環境部, July 7, 2023. https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202307/t20230707_1035618.shtml

 

[33]財經. “專訪生態環境部應對氣候變化司司長李高：全國碳排放配額已成交2.37億噸，CCER收集方法學建議300余項” https://m.21jingji.com/article/20230714/herald/b5b006c30616a59d0fcd7081f0d6e532.html

 

[34]王方玉蘇建勛. “CCER碳市場將開，你，準備好了嗎？｜36碳焦點."點.” https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/v5jnqON8LGaYpqUrpW9nhA

 

[35] Bloomberg. Nestle drops carbon neutral pledge for kitkats. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-06-28/nestle-drops-carbon-neutral-pledge-for-kitkats-san-pellegrino-and-perrier#xj4y7vzkg